Seward County, Nebraska Marriages, Book 2, Part 1
Seward County Marriage Book 2 covers from 15 June 1878 to 16 October 1884. It has over 600 pages. This index will be divided into three sections starting with Book 2, Part 1, 1 June 1878 and ending with the license issued on 28 August 1880, page 205. Index information includes page number, date the license was issued, groom, bride, and date of marriage. License information includes name of groom, age, place of birth, residence, father's name, mother's maiden name, bride, age, place of birth, residence, father's name, mother's maiden name, witnesses and individual who performed the ceremony. A blank space in license returned indicate no return of the license - the marriage did not take place in Seward County. Digital images are available by emailing the Seward County Genealogical Society at genealogyseward3@gmail.com; calling us at 402.400.5250; or messaging us on our facebook page.
| Page | Date Issued | Groom | Bride | Marriage | |
| 1 | 15 June 1878 | F.M. Foster | Elvettie Perdue | 16 June 1878 | |
| 2 | 18 July 1878 | Thomas J. Phelps | Alice A. Sherwood | 16 July 1878 | |
| 3 | 8 Aug. 1878 | August Goldammer | Margaret Meier | 11 Aug. 1878 | |
| 4 | 17 Aug. 1878 | A.H. Archer | Maggy E. Flock | 18 Aug. 1878 | |
| 5 | 23 Aug. 1878 | Ed Keefe | Maggie L. Cockran | 24 Aug. 1878 | |
| 6 | 23 Aug. 1878 | Jacob Freeman | Tressa Ault | 24 Aug. 1878 | |
| 7 | 23 Aug. 1878 | J.G. Hanley | Almeda Foster | 24 Aug. 1878 | |
| 8 | 26 Aug. 1878 | Wallace Heartley | Ida Toothacher | 26 Aug. 1878 | |
| 9 | 26 Aug. 1878 | N.M. Kager | Naomi Phelps | 26 Aug. 1878 | |
| 10 | 30 Aug. 1878 | Fred Wolff | Mary Knoele | 30 Aug. 1878 | |
| 11 | 31 Aug. 1878 | George W. Emerson | Lizzie B. Culver | 1 Sept. 1878 | |
| 12 | 7 Sept. 1878 | Diedrick Dey | Trienke Aden | 19 Sept. 1878 | |
| 13 | 14 Sept. 1878 | Earnest Fuller | Maime Ogden | 24 Sept. 1878 | |
| 14 | 17 Sept. 1878 | C.J. Hackett | Louise Ganett | 17 Sept. 1878 | |
| 15 | 20 Sept. 1878 | J.J. Douglas | Wiletta Slawson | 24 Sep. 1878 | |
| 16 | 21 Sept. 1878 | Walter Wilson | Lizzie Johnson | 21 Sep. 1878 | |
| 17 | 26 Sept. 1878 | G.W. Edwards | Mary Pierce | 26 Sept. 1878 | |
| 18 | 4 Oct. 1878 | John C. Johnson | Cathrine Hardvingsen | 5 Oct. 1878 | |
| 19 | 7 Oct. 1878 | Thomas McCullough | Mary E. Wilson | 7 Oct. 1878 | |
| 20 | 12 Oct. 1878 | Pleasant G. Malone | Isabelle A. Townsend | 15 Oct. 1878 | |
| 21 | 12 Oct. 1878 | Christopher Turner | Tillie Robinson | 13 Oct. 1878 | |
| 22 | 8 Oct. 1878 | James B. Miller | Betsy A. Hanshaw | 14 Oct. 1878 | |
| 23 | 14 Oct. 1878 | William Lang | Mary Beiling | 14 Oct. 1878 | |
| 24 | 15 Oct. 1878 | William Robbing | Lydia Harrod | 15 Oct. 1878 | |
| 25 | 18 Oct. 1878 | George S. Williams | Nancy E. Cromwell | 20 Oct. 1878 | |
| 26 | 19 Oct. 1878 | Manion F. Roberts | Lois C. Slonecker | 21 Oct. 1878 | |
| 27 | 22 Oct. 1878 | George Raymer | Sarah Brox | 28 Oct. 1878 | |
| 28 | 22 Oct. 1878 | Henry J. Huffman | Hannah Miller | 22 Oct. 1878 | |
| 29 | 23 Oct. 1878 | William R. Followell | Mary M. Rummsey | 27 Oct. 1878 | |
| 30 | 25 Oct. 1878 | William Feltin | Dora Miller | 25 Oct. 1878 | |
| 31 | 29 Oct. 1878 | Ira A. Van Antwerp | Fanny Wright | 1 Nov. 1878 | |
| 32 | 29 Oct. 1878 | John Kasler | Cassy Buck | 3 Nov. 1878 | |
| 33 | 31 Oct. 1878 | Henry F. Pierce | Sarah Shoemaker | 3 Nov. 1878 | |
| 34 | 31 Oct. 1878 | Edward A. Bowen | Kate Du Bree | 24 Nov. 1878 | |
| 35 | 4 Nov. 1878 | Alexander Frisbee | Jane Pitts | 5 Nov. 1878 | |
| 36 | 7 Nov. 1878 | Charles C. Smith | Ida Haverstick | 7 Nov. 1878 | |
| 37 | 15 Nov. 1878 | Andrew Christiansen | Cassia Kennedy | 20 Nov. 1878 | |
| 38 | 15 Nov. 1878 | James B. Cross | Allen More | 19 Nov. 1878 | |
| 39 | 16 Nov. 1878 | Levi Wells | Abbie Kesler | 17 Nov. 1878 | |
| 40 | 25 Nov. 1878 | Perry Talley | Clara Broug | ||
| 41 | 25 Nov. 1878 | Alexander C. McClean | Elizabeth S. Slonecker | 26 Nov. 1878 | |
| 42 | 28 Nov. 1878 | Charles Keefe | Sarah Craig | 28 Nov. 1878 | |
| 43 | 27 Nov. 1878 | James A. Reams | Sophia Buck | 27 Nov. 1878 | |
| 44 | 11 Dec. 1878 | Geo. H. Woolman | Diana Jane Hickman | 11 Dec. 1878 | |
| 45 | 16 Dec. 1878 | Henry T. Hoyes | Sarah Schoolcraft | ||
| 46 | 3 Dec. 1878 | Alfred Mattox | Mary E. Saunders | 3 Dec. 1878 | |
| 47 | 19 Dec. 1878 | Wm. A. Solsbury | Lizzie R. Bell | 24 Dec. 1878 | |
| 48 | 19 Dec. 1878 | C.R. Atwood | Marilda Swearinger | 24 Dec. 1878 | |
| 49 | 23 Dec. 1878 | Lewis Swendsen | Mary Cary | 23 Dec. 1878 | |
| 50 | 24 Dec. 1878 | Frances E. Cross | Clara Underhill | 25 Dec. 1878 | |
| 51 | 25 Dec. 1878 | Joseph Stall | Ella L. Divan | 1 Jan. 1879 | |
| 52 | 28 Dec. 1878 | Frank G. Simmons | Anna W. Boughton | 1 Jan. 1879 | |
| 53 | 31 Dec. 1878 | Peter Diedel | Mary Logan | 1 Jan. 1879 | |
| 54 | 6 Jan. 1879 | Jonas Casteel | Lizzie Freeman | 9 Jan. 1879 | |
| 55 | 18 Jan. 1879 | Harvey S. Helme | Ella Miller | 25 Feb. 1879 | |
| 56 | 18 Jan. 1879 | Joseph Preusing | Elizabeth M. Lehr | 30 Jan. 1879 | |
| 57 | 20 Jan. 1879 | Frederick F. McIntire | Susan Sherwood | 21 Jan. 1879 | |
| 58 | 3 Feb. 1879 | Frank E. McKinnis | Elizabeth Kager | 9 Feb. 1879 | |
| 59 | 10 Feb. 1879 | Frederick C. Herman | Emma Ehlers | 21 Feb. 1879 | |
| 60 | 10 Feb. 1879 | C. Henry Prange | Caroline Herman | 21 Feb. 1879 | |
| 61 | 11 Feb. 1879 | C.M. Moffitt | Lizzie Morris | 11 Feb. 1879 | |
| 62 | 14 Feb. 1879 | John C. Chaney | Amelia Bridenball | 14 Feb. 1879 | |
| 63 | 17 Feb. 1879 | Philip Spohn | Frances Drummer | 17 Feb. 1879 | |
| 64 | 20 Feb. 1879 | Lemuel Price | Della J. Weaver | 20 Feb. 1879 | |
| 65 | 27 Feb. 1879 | Jacob Lehman | Mattie Stutzman | 2 Mar. 1879 | |
| 66 | 18 Feb. 1879 | Charles Bentley | Ada Williamson | 20 Feb. 1879 | |
| 67 | 21 Feb. 1879 | Abner Blain | Carrie V. Wingfield | 6 Mar. 1879 | |
| 68 | 28 Feb. 1879 | Henry Seick | Anna M.E. Beckmann | 4 Mar. 1879 | |
| 69 | 8 Mar. 1879 | Walter H. Greenslit | Kate C. Amerman | 8 Mar. 1879 | |
| 70 | 27 Mar. 1879 | F.J. Adams | Frances A. Tyson | 27 Mar. 1879 | |
| 71 | 5 Apr. 1879 | William H. Stephenson | Sarah E. Small | 5 Apr. 1879 | |
| 72 | 12 Apr. 1879 | Albert W. Powers | Amanda Hoffman | 13 Apr. 1879 | |
| 73 | 16 Apr. 1879 | Geo. Walter Osborne | Maggie Flynn | 16 Apr. 1879 | |
| 74 | 29 Apr. 1879 | Eilert Erks | Annie Schartze | 15 May 1879 | |
| 75 | 29 Apr. 1879 | W.H. Beckly | Alice Halle | 30 Apr. 1879 | |
| 76 | 17 Apr. 1879 | Edward Wolfe | Olga Bonstead | 17 Apr. 1879 | |
| 77 | 14 May 1879 | Henry P. Klump | Mary M. Shneider | 26 May 1879 | |
| 78 | 14 May 1879 | Shields Nunemaker | Ida Dewing | 14 May 1879 | |
| 79 | 15 May 1879 | John S. Jenkins | Jennie Beachly | 15 May 1879 | |
| 80 | 20 May 1879 | C.P. Burton | Celia Lilly | 20 May 1879 | |
| 81 | 20 May 1879 | Charles B. Woods | Icie Turner | 26 May 1879d | |
| 82 | 26 May 1879 | Henry Hegeholz | Eliza Scheumann | 4 June 1879 | |
| 83 | 26 May 1879 | Augustus Talbot | Mary Hallowood | 26 May 1879 | |
| 84 | 2 June 1879 | Julius Zrime | Augusta Blazing | 6 June 1879 | |
| 85 | 9 June 1879 | Henry P. Sholl | Mary L. Imig | 13 June 1879 | |
| 86 | 17 June 1879 | J.A. Divan | Mollie C. Nihardt | 17 June 11879 | |
| 87 | 19 June 1879 | G.N. Rotton | Annie Gunn | 20 June 1879 | |
| 88 | 19 June 1879 | A.L. Docken | Dora olsen | 19 June 1879 | |
| 89 | 23 June 1879 | William A. Reed | Augusta E. Wheeler | 25 June 1879 | |
| 90 | 30 June 1879 | Herman Hackman | Maggy Diefenbguh | 17 July 1879 | |
| 91 | 1 July 1879 | Limon D. Freeman | Etherlind Boyes | 3 July 1879 | |
| 92 | 3 July 1879 | A.T. Rodman | Sadie M. Barto | 3 July 1879 | |
| 93 | 9 July 1879 | William A. Haw | Nellie A. Compton | 9 July 1879 | |
| 94 | 12 July 1879 | Nelson Swansen | Julia Johnson | 12 July 1879 | |
| 95 | 15 July 1879 | August Stahmer | Hanna Gruber | 18 July 1879 | |
| 96 | 3 Aug. 1879 | H.L. Case | Elzenia Ellis | 3 Aug. 1879 | |
| 97 | 6 Aug. 1879 | Isaac Wolffe | Hattie Potter | 6 Aug. 1879 | |
| 98 | 12 Aug. 1879 | Fred W. Hodde | E.C. Myer | 13 Aug. 1879 | |
| 99 | 17 Aug. 1879 | Frank X. Haubert | Emma Alley | 17 Aug. 1879 | |
| 100 | 20 Aug. 1879 | John Diers | Mary Luft | 20 Aug. 1879 | |
| 101 | 21 Aug. 1879 | William Gragory | Rosetta Starkey | 21 Aug. 1879 | |
| 102 | 22 Aug. 1879 | Daniel Smith | Cora D. Foster | 22 Aug 1879 | |
| 103 | 22 Aug. 1879 | Peter J. Voege | Hannah K. Rost | 24 Aug. 1879 | |
| 104 | 28 Aug. 1879 | Daniel P. Beatty | Emma Finlayson | 31 Aug. 1879 | |
| 105 | 28 Aug. 1879 | Edwin F. Closson | Mary Alice Closson | 30 Aug. 1879 | |
| 106 | 3 Sep. 1879 | G.A. Kilpatrick | Mary E. King | 10 Sep. 1879 | |
| 107 | 3 Sep. 1879 | J.M. Tracey | Elmira C. Williams | 3 Sep. 1879 | |
| 108 | 4 Sep. 1879 | John Brot | Mary L. Kesler | 7 Sep. 1879 | |
| 109 | 4 Sep. 1879 | Frank M. Logan | Sarah J. McMannigal | 4 Sep. 1879 | |
| 110 | 9 Sep. 1879 | Milo Murdock | Mary Palmer | ||
| 111 | 13 Sep. 1879 | Robert McGrager | Lydia A. Colton | 17 Sep. 1879 | |
| 112 | 17 Sep. 1879 | Horatis L. Reed | Letitia J. Thompson | 21 Sep. 1879 | |
| 113 | 18 Sep. 1879 | Reuben C. Kendig | E.J. Colman | 21 Sep. 1879 | |
| 114 | 18 Sep. 1879 | Jno. S. Welty | Charlotte A. Worrall | 21 Sep. 1879 | |
| 115 | 19 Sep. 1879 | Max Franke | Eva Maria Irmer | 21 Sep. 1879 | |
| 116 | 20 Sep. 1879 | J.W.Foster | Sarah Anderson | 21 Sep. 1879 | |
| 117 | 20 Sep. 1879 | William E. Montgomery | Irene E. Tuttle | 25 Sep. 1879 | |
| 118 | 22 Sep. 1879 | C.H. Christiansen | Magdalena S. Mickleson | 27 Sep. 1879 | |
| 119 | 1 Oct. 1879 | John C. Smith | Mena M. Armagost | 24 Oct. 1879 | |
| 120 | 2 Oct. 1879 | James H. Elliott | Katherine Lovell | 3 Oct. 1879 | |
| 121 | 4 Oct. 1879 | Jamey Taylor | Lizzie Wilson | 5 Oct. 1879 | |
| 122 | 4 Oct. 1879 | Frank H. Foster | Mary E. Wilder | 5 Oct. 1879 | |
| 123 | 7 Oct. 1879 | Frank P. Burns | Ida E. Fair | 9 Oct. 1879 | |
| 124 | 9 Oct. 1879 | Franz P. Jansen | Ellen Jansen | 9 Oct. 1879 | |
| 125 | 16 Oct. 1879 | Robert S. Taylor | Anna Wilkinson | 16 Oct. 1879 | |
| 126 | 18 Oct. 1879 | John A. Easley | Virginia Carman | 19 Oct. 1879 | |
| 127 | 28 Oct. 1879 | John L. McPheely | Carrie M. Sprague | 29 Oct. 1879 | |
| 128 | 3 Nov. 1879 | Benj. Schlatter | Mattie Stultzman | 8 Nov. 1879 | |
| 129 | 3 Nov. 1879 | Isaac Wright | Louise Barto | 5 Nov. 1879 | |
| 130 | 8 Nov. 1879 | Simon Heggeman | Sarah Heondersheldt | 11 Nov. 1879 | |
| 131 | 14 Nov. 1879 | H.M. Hazelwood | Myra Morgan | 19 Nov. 1879 | |
| 132 | 15 Nov. 1879 | Stephen Wilcox | Ellen May Carr | 16 Nov. 1879 | |
| 133 | 18 Nov. 1879 | Moses Miller | Margaret Anderson | 18 Nov. 1879 | |
| 134 | 19 Nov. 1879 | John P. Goehner | Minnie Van Der Ohe | 19 Nov. 1879 | |
| 135 | 19 Nov. 1879 | Perly M. Green | Sarah M. Rogers | 20 Nov. 1879 | |
| 136 | 20 Nov. 1879 | Elmer L. Baily | Lucinda Adams | 20 Nov. 1879 | |
| 137 | 22 Nov. 1879 | Alfred Boston | Hulda Jane Springer | 22 Nov. 1879 | |
| 138 | 22 Nov. 1879 | Charles D. Knox | Arletha Hickman | 23 Nov. 1879 | |
| 139 | 25 Nov. 1879 | Lemuel Remy | Hulda A. Cross | 27 Nov. 1879 | |
| 140 | 27 Nov. 1879 | J.H. Lockhart | Isabella Waterman | 27 Nov. 1879 | |
| 141 | 28 Nov. 1879 | Aliathan Dike | Ann E. Hathaway | 28 Nov. 1879 | |
| 142 | 11 Dec. 1879 | R.G. Rumsey | Ocie Sexton | 11 Dec. 1879 | |
| 143 | 20 Dec. 1879 | George Albertie | Lena Grotz | 21 Dec. 1879 | |
| 144 | 22 Dec. 1879 | James L. Emerson | Lulu Cromwell | 24 Dec. 1879 | |
| 145 | 23 Dec. 1879 | Samuel A. Warner | Loila Long | ||
| 146 | 24 Dec. 1879 | J.D. McCoun | Sarah C. Granger | 25 Dec. 1879 | |
| 147 | 31 Dec. 1879 | W.H. Decket | Mary Cropenhorf | 31 Dec. 1879 | |
| 148 | 1 Jan. 1880 | John E. Manley | Annie Casler | 1 Jan. 1880 | |
| 149 | 1 Jan. 1889 | Samuel A. Twyman | Mary Unzieker | 1 Jan. 1880 | |
| 150 | 1 Jan. 1880 | Elmer Bowker | Emma E. Mc Crom | 1 Jan. 1880 | |
| 151 | 5 Jan. 1880 | Hugh Shepherd | Amanda J. Cuny | 5 Jan. 1880 | |
| 152 | 5 Jan. 1889 | Burrell Mathews | Marianna E. Jull | 6 Jan. 1880 | |
| 153 | 7 Jan. 1880 | James N. Jenkins | Ella J. Meeker | 7 Jan. 1880 | |
| 154 | 8 Jan. 1880 | James Slaughter | Sarah Kennison | 8 Jan. 1880 | |
| 155 | 7 Jan. 1880 | Thomas Flanary | Alice Burcham | 30 Jan. 1880 | |
| 156 | 12 Jan. 1880 | H.C. Taylor | Mary J. Bray | 13 Jan. 1880 | |
| 157 | 30 Jan. 1880 | Thos. J. Hickman | Elzetta Ellis | 30 Jan. 1880 | |
| 158 | 4 Feb. 1880 | Christian Stauffer | Lydia A. Harris | 15 Feb. 1880 | |
| 159 | 20 Jan. 1880 | Andrew J. Baldwin | Mary J. Walters | 20 Jan. 1880 | |
| 160 | 6 Feb. 1880 | Jonas Larson | Alice Gray | 12 Feb. 1880 | |
| 161 | 12 Feb. 1880 | Fred G. Loosele | Augusta Dom | 13 Feb. 1880 | |
| 162 | 14 Feb. 1880 | John Andrews | Catherine McNeal | 18 Feb. 1880 | |
| 163 | 21 Feb. 1880 | A.L. Sprague | Annie Collis | 22 Feb. 1880 | |
| 164 | 25 Feb. 1880 | Levi Myers | Mary Plum | 16 Feb. 1880 | |
| 165 | 25 Feb. 1880 | William E. Sillivan | Sarah A. Gibbs | 26 Feb. 1880 | |
| 166 | 27 Feb. 1880 | Olimann Busboon | Aga Busboon | 3 Apr. 1880 | |
| 167 | 27 Feb. 1880 | Wilt K. Benders | Tada Busboon | 3 Mar. 1880 | |
| 168 | 28 Feb. 1880 | James R. Kelley | Abbey Rouse | 29 Feb. 1880 | |
| 169 | 9 Mar. 1880 | Holloway Lewis | Jesse LaSourd | 9 Mar. 1880 | |
| 170 | 16 Mar. 1880 | Frank B. Gurney | Lizzie Cottam | 16 Mar. 1880 | |
| 171 | 26 Mar. 1880 | Fred Gassmann | Fredericka Vogel | 29 Mar. 1880 | |
| 172 | 26 Mar. 1880 | C.P. Richmond | Cora A. McCurdy | 27 Mar. 1880 | |
| 173 | 5 Apr. 1880 | J. Bayard Leader | Olive L. Monroe | 5 Apr. 1880 | |
| 174 | 5 Apr. 1880 | Richard Sampson | Sarah J. Carey | 6 Apr. 1880 | |
| 175 | 8 Apr. 1880 | Wesley D. Johnson | Amanda Banks | 8 Apr. 1880 | |
| 176 | 8 Apr. 1880 | Robert Pormier | Sophie Scheorch | 10 Apr. 1880 | |
| 177 | 10 Apr. 1880 | H.N. Van Gorden | Emma Larson | 10 Apr. 1880 | |
| 178 | 10 Apr. 1880 | C.J. Lowe (Charles) | Nancy Brown | 11 Apr. 1880 | |
| 179 | 13 Apr. 1880 | Isaac C. Wright | Della Barto | 14 Apr. 1880 | |
| 180 | 18 Apr. 1880 | Lowell A. Chatfield | Lydia Long | 18 Apr. 1880 | |
| 181 | 28 Apr. 1880 | James V. Benson | Ida Hunt | 29 Apr. 1880 | |
| 182 | 30 Apr. 1880 | Jacob Sabel | Nancy Little | 16 May 1880 | |
| 183 | 12 May 1880 | Edward J. Wilkinson | Eliza B. Perkins | 12 May 1880 | |
| 184 | 15 May 1880 | Jefferson Ogg | Emma F. Wallace | 16 May 1880 | |
| 185 | 14 June 1880 | Henry S. Montgomery | Estella K. Weyaut | 14 June 1880 | |
| 186 | 16 June 1880 | August Brose | Elizabeth Brandt | 21 June 1880 | |
| 187 | 17 June 1880 | Greg D. Newton | Delia E. Pierce | 25 June 1880 | |
| 188 | 2 July 1880 | Otis M. Baker | Ella M. Tremper | 4 July 1880 | |
| 189 | 5 July 1880 | William J. Barnes | Ada L. Jull | 5 July 1880 | |
| 190 | 6 July 1880 | William Stutzman | Elizabeth Troyer | 12 July 1880 | |
| 191 | 9 July 1880 | George Merritt | Ella Stille | 10 July 1880 | |
| 192 | 12 July 1880 | John Fergus | Nellie Ibbitson | 12 July 1880 | |
| 193 | 15 July 1880 | John Ernest | Mary Stutzman | 18 July 1880 | |
| 194 | 17 July 1880 | Levi L. Bates | Maggie Best | 18 July 1880 | |
| 195 | 22 July 1880 | Jacob M. Troyer | Susanna Schrock | 25 July 1880 | |
| 196 | 24 July 1880 | Abraham L. McLeland | Elizabeth Bates | 25 July 1880 | |
| 197 | 27 July 1880 | Jules Nicholas Baros | Rosa Maria Eva Leger | 27 July 1880 | |
| 198 | 9 Aug. 1880 | Beriah F. Cochran | Nellie M. Parker | 9 Aug. 1880 | |
| 199 | 17 Aug. 1880 | David E. Cozad | Nancy Howard | 19 Aug. 1880 | |
| 200 | 17 Aug. 1880 | Samuel Lee | Mary Kennison | 18 Aug. 1880 | |
| 201 | 18 Aug. 1880 | William H. Walter | Sarah M. Thompson | 22 Aug. 1880 | |
| 202 | 19 Aug. 1880 | William F. Combs | Mattie Darnell | 19 Aug. 1880 | |
| 203 | 26 Aug. 1880 | Eri Bowker | Sarah L. Morgan | 26 Aug. 1880 | |
| 204 | 28 Aug. 1880 | John Unzicker | Lizzie Kalbl | 29 Aug. 1880 | |
| 205 | 28 Aug. 1880 | David A. Varner | Lillie Parnum | 1 Sep. 1880 |
Go to Seward County Marriages, Book 2, part 2, Sep. 1880 - Dec. 1882
Return to Seward County Marriages, Book 1.
Return to Seward County GenWeb Home Page.
This page was created 3 August 2025 by Joan Shurtliff. It was updated 14 October 2025.